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Price Discrimination in International Markets
Kharkivska, Margaryta ; Oulehla, Jiří (referee) ; Luňáček, Jiří (advisor)
The work is focused on explaining price formation and the issue of price discrimination. First, the work deals with the description of the theoretical basis for a better understanding of the issue. It deals with consumer behavior, the elasticity of demand, and price formation in international markets. Furthermore, the work focuses in more detail on the economic nature of price discrimination and its types. In the practical part, this diploma thesis contains examples of specific price discrimination of selected products. Based on the information obtained, it then offers suggestions and recommendations.
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Price Discrimination in International Markets
Kharkivska, Margaryta ; Oulehla, Jiří (referee) ; Luňáček, Jiří (advisor)
The work is focused on explaining price formation and the issue of price discrimination. First, the work deals with the description of the theoretical basis for a better understanding of the issue. It deals with consumer behavior, the elasticity of demand, and price formation in international markets. Furthermore, the work focuses in more detail on the economic nature of price discrimination and its types. In the practical part, this diploma thesis contains examples of specific price discrimination of selected products. Based on the information obtained, it then offers suggestions and recommendations.
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Determinants of generic drug substitution in the Czech Republic
Žílová, Pavlína ; Votápková, Jana (advisor) ; Bryndová, Lucie (referee)
This study uses logistic regression to estimate the probability of choosing the brand-name drug despite the presence of cheaper generics given patient and drug characteristics in the Czech pharmaceutical market in the period 2009-2013. Results of the analysis may help guide policies to decrease pharmaceutical costs. In order to motivate people who are more likely to choose the original version of drug, policy makers may impose higher copayments and lower subsidies on the original drugs which they use. Additionally, two supplementary analyses were applied to sub-sectors of the pharmaceutical market: antihypertensive drugs and antibiotics. Fixed effects logistic regression is employed to test the robustness of the results.
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Price Elasticity of Water Demand: A Meta-Analysis
Thoma, Richard ; Havránek, Tomáš (advisor) ; Janotík, Tomáš (referee)
Meta-analysis is a statistical method that allows us to combine results of em- pirical research. A theoretical summary helped to select appropriate model for the empirical part of this thesis - a meta-analysis focused on the price elas- ticity of residential water demand. A mixed-effects multilevel model, which corrects for selection bias, heteroskedasticity and within-study correlation, was employed. Publication bias was found only for subsample excluding data from the western part of the United States. Heckman meta-regression shows that the true price elasticity of water demand is -0,246. Finally variation in results across studies is explained. Using average price instead of margi- nal, the discrete-continuous choice model and data from the western part of the United States for water demand modelling will result in higher values of estimated elasticity. 1
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Characteristics of demand for chosen drugs
Húska, Jakub ; Soukupová, Jana (advisor) ; Krameš, Jaroslav (referee)
This Bachelor Thesis deals with the demand for drugs. The aim of the thesis is to characterize and approximate the market of non-prescription painkillers. The work explains the theoretical aspects of demand and informs about the basic principles of demand. It examines the factors that affect the consumer. The practical part of this bachelor thesis analyzes the demand for selected drugs using primary data obtained from people through a questionnaire survey and evaluates the situation on the market for non prescription painkillers.
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Price Elasticity of Electricity Demand: A Meta-Analysis
Horáček, Přemysl ; Havránek, Tomáš (advisor) ; Polák, Petr (referee)
During the last decades, one of the most intensively examined statistical relationships in energy economics has been the price elasticity of electricity demand. In this thesis, a quantitative survey of the estimates of price elasticity reported for various countries is provided. The method I use, called meta-regression analysis, indicates that the literature suffers from serious publication selection bias: positive or insignificant estimates of this elasticity are seldom reported, even though questionably large negative estimates are reported commonly. As a result, the average published estimates of price elasticity are greatly exaggerated (more than threefold in the case of short-run elasticity). By utilising the mixed- effects multilevel meta-regression, which is able to correct for publication selection bias, it is shown that the true average elasticity reaches only -0.06 in the short-run, -0.21 in the intermediate-run and about -0.43 in the long-run.
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Determinants of generic drug substitution in the Czech Republic
Žílová, Pavlína ; Votápková, Jana (advisor) ; Bryndová, Lucie (referee)
This study uses logistic regression to estimate the probability of choosing the brand-name drug despite the presence of cheaper generics given patient and drug characteristics in the Czech pharmaceutical market in the period 2009-2013. Results of the analysis may help guide policies to decrease pharmaceutical costs. In order to motivate people who are more likely to choose the original version of drug, policy makers may impose higher copayments and lower subsidies on the original drugs which they use. Additionally, two supplementary analyses were applied to sub-sectors of the pharmaceutical market: antihypertensive drugs and antibiotics. Fixed effects logistic regression is employed to test the robustness of the results.
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Price Elasticity of Water Demand: A Meta-Analysis
Thoma, Richard ; Havránek, Tomáš (advisor) ; Janotík, Tomáš (referee)
Meta-analysis is a statistical method that allows us to combine results of em- pirical research. A theoretical summary helped to select appropriate model for the empirical part of this thesis - a meta-analysis focused on the price elas- ticity of residential water demand. A mixed-effects multilevel model, which corrects for selection bias, heteroskedasticity and within-study correlation, was employed. Publication bias was found only for subsample excluding data from the western part of the United States. Heckman meta-regression shows that the true price elasticity of water demand is -0,246. Finally variation in results across studies is explained. Using average price instead of margi- nal, the discrete-continuous choice model and data from the western part of the United States for water demand modelling will result in higher values of estimated elasticity. 1
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Price elasticity of household water demand in Czech Republic
Hortová, Jana ; Krištoufek, Ladislav (advisor) ; Šopov, Boril (referee)
Během posledních desetiletí se v eské republice stále zvyšují ceny vody, což vede k následnému snižování její spotřeby. Tomuto tématu se věnuje velké množství studií, ale dle našich zjištění se žádná z nich nezabývá eskou republikou. Obecně lze říci, že hlavním cílem této práce je nalezení krátkodobé a dlouhodobé cenové elasticity poptávky po vodě v eské republice a následně v Kladně. Při zkoumání poptávky po vodě v Kladně vyšetřujeme cenovou elasticitu v závislosti na odlišném počtu člen· v domácnostech. V obou případech dojdeme k závěru, že poptávka je neelastická v krátkém i dlouhém časovém období. Dále zjistíme, že cenová elasticita roste s klesajícím počtem člen· domácností v obou časových obdobích. Naše výsledky jsou v souladu se závěry ostatních studií.
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The influence of new natural gas sources on energy security in the USA
Vránková, Jana ; Neumann, Pavel (advisor) ; Vošta, Milan (referee) ; Baláž, Peter (referee) ; Pospíšil, Jiří (referee)
The thesis focuses on the influence of new natural gas sources on energy security in the USA. The new sources include mainly shale gas, but also tight gas and others. The main objective of the thesis is to evaluate the impact of changes in production and trade in gas on energy security and self-sufficiency of the USA. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is theoretic and thus provides the frameworks for the following parts of the thesis. It focuses on the security concept in literature and in the papers of international energy agencies, e.g. IEA. For the purposes of the thesis, energy security is defined as the ability of a state to secure uninterrupted and stable supply of energy at a reasonable price of sufficiently diversified energy sources, which can be flexibly substituted among each other without additional costs by the end consumers. The second chapter concentrates on energy security in the USA, the development of energy legislation and the position of the United States in international comparison from this point of view. The third chapter deals with the technical background of production and its legislative status of the USA. To compare, it also addresses the production legislation in some EU countries. It follows up market implications of increased domestic production, specifically its profitability, changes in energy mix and in trading position of the USA in energy sources. The fourth chapter analyzes price impacts using change in domestic and foreign demand and supply in natural gas, including their price elasticity, and the price development itself. The fifth chapter summarizes, based on the findings from previous chapters, perspectives of the future development, mainly impacts on economy and potential export. The thesis comes to the main conclusion stating that the production from domestic sources shall have a positive impact on energy security not only in the USA, but also consecutively in other countries dependent on import of energy sources through higher diversification of source countries. Better available commodity may contribute to greater price competitiveness of domestic products on international markets and help to substitute coal with gas in energy mix. The biggest risk is seen in the low gas price that makes the production economically unprofitable. However, the gas price should maintain the level which would allow for profit of the producers, reasonable price for the consumers and increased level of energy security thanks to further development of the production technology, its better price availability and increased demand on cleaner energy sources.
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